00:00:11.320 --> 00:00:13.680
So during this phase where we had

00:00:13.760 --> 00:00:17.080
a large number
of weapon-wounded coming our way

00:00:17.160 --> 00:00:20.840
there were a lot of soldiers
that we had evacuated.

00:00:22.560 --> 00:00:29.720
So we heard that the commander in charge
of the military headquarters of the area

00:00:29.800 --> 00:00:31.360
was in town.

00:00:33.320 --> 00:00:38.440
He comes and he greets me and says,
"Ah, Dorsa, it's so good to see you",

00:00:38.520 --> 00:00:42.040
and shakes my hand,
and the whole greeting.

00:00:42.120 --> 00:00:47.000
And I was not happy and he says,
"What's wrong?" and I said,

00:00:47.080 --> 00:00:50.440
"You need to tell me
who's in charge in this town".

00:00:50.520 --> 00:00:54.920
He answers, "What do you mean?",
and I said, "Who is in charge?".

00:00:56.720 --> 00:01:00.000
He says, "Calm, sit,
let me get you some tea".

00:01:00.080 --> 00:01:05.280
I said, "No, I will not sit down
until you tell me who's in charge".

00:01:06.240 --> 00:01:08.440
He said, "I am".

00:01:08.520 --> 00:01:11.160
I said, "I will take a seat.

00:01:11.640 --> 00:01:14.160
And I will have some tea.
Thank you."

00:01:14.240 --> 00:01:16.560
And then we started talking
and I said,

00:01:16.640 --> 00:01:20.480
"You need to come and get these
soldiers out of this hospital".

00:01:20.560 --> 00:01:24.360
Because there were new clashes
and I knew there were more wounded coming.

00:01:24.440 --> 00:01:28.760
He said, "What time?".
I said, "Eight o'clock in the morning".

00:01:28.840 --> 00:01:33.240
At 7:45 I arrived and,
he's a military man,

00:01:33.320 --> 00:01:38.080
at 8 o'clock on the dot,
he moved them to the military barracks,

00:01:38.160 --> 00:01:42.400
and all he asked me was, "I don't have
a roof to put over their heads.

00:01:42.480 --> 00:01:47.040
Can you give me a tent?".
And I said, "I'll give you two.

00:01:47.120 --> 00:01:51.800
If that's how they could leave
this hospital, we can donate you a tent."

00:01:52.600 --> 00:01:55.960
And then when we finished negotiating
on him coming in the morning

00:01:56.040 --> 00:01:58.760
and facilitating the move,

00:01:58.840 --> 00:02:01.720
then he just sat there
and we were drinking tea.

00:02:01.800 --> 00:02:06.040
And then he said, "Why does ICRC
always send me tough women like you?".

00:02:06.120 --> 00:02:09.360
And I said, "It's because
you cannot say no to me".

00:03:50.480 --> 00:03:57.280
We humans have created a society where,
like it or not, violence is part of it.

00:03:59.680 --> 00:04:02.440
And it's been there for centuries,
for ages,

00:04:02.520 --> 00:04:05.400
and it's going to continue to be there.

00:04:06.320 --> 00:04:09.440
Is that better? Is that worse?
Well, I'm not sure.

00:04:09.520 --> 00:04:12.720
It's just a reality
we have to cope with.

00:04:23.440 --> 00:04:27.160
After WW2, when the international
community was shocked

00:04:27.240 --> 00:04:29.440
at how humans have treated each other,

00:04:29.520 --> 00:04:32.880
the world came together
and created the Geneva Convention.

00:04:32.960 --> 00:04:37.520
And even during times of armed conflict,
there is a space for humanity.

00:04:37.600 --> 00:04:40.760
So there are rules that if
you're not engaging in the conflict,

00:04:40.840 --> 00:04:43.440
you should be protected,
such as civilians,

00:04:43.520 --> 00:04:46.720
the medical mission with the military
and others.

00:04:51.560 --> 00:04:53.760
Today we see conflicts
that are more protracted.

00:04:53.840 --> 00:04:57.080
They go for a longer time,
they're more urbanised.

00:04:57.160 --> 00:04:59.240
They often happen in urban environments,

00:04:59.320 --> 00:05:01.600
and an important point is
there are layers.

00:05:01.680 --> 00:05:04.800
You have many
different groups across the world,

00:05:04.880 --> 00:05:06.600
not just two parties to a conflict.

00:05:06.680 --> 00:05:09.480
Many, many numbers of parties
to a conflict.

00:05:15.240 --> 00:05:20.400
It's not anymore war between two parties,
between two countries.

00:05:20.480 --> 00:05:26.400
Mostly it's between a state force
and several opposition groups.

00:05:43.160 --> 00:05:46.360
I started working for the ICRC in 1998.

00:05:46.440 --> 00:05:48.200
By then I had already

00:05:48.280 --> 00:05:51.800
over 12 year experience
with other humanitarian organisations,

00:05:51.880 --> 00:05:54.680
serving populations
in terms of assistance,

00:05:54.760 --> 00:05:57.240
providing food,
providing water, providing shelter.

00:05:57.320 --> 00:06:00.720
But I was interested in
widening the scope of my job

00:06:00.800 --> 00:06:04.200
into the area
of protection and prevention.

00:06:08.800 --> 00:06:11.760
I started running out of necessity.

00:06:12.360 --> 00:06:15.360
So in Lobito, in Angola, in the year 2000,

00:06:15.440 --> 00:06:19.200
I decided to put on the shoes
and try running.

00:06:19.280 --> 00:06:22.520
For 20 years
I've been running all over the world.

00:06:22.600 --> 00:06:25.960
In Afghanistan inside the courtyard,
turning around,

00:06:26.040 --> 00:06:31.560
or I've been running
with U.S. soldiers in Guantanamo Bay,

00:06:31.640 --> 00:06:36.200
and we'd run together movie style
singing songs along the road.

00:06:36.280 --> 00:06:38.800
Across the front lines
during the war in Liberia,

00:06:38.880 --> 00:06:42.080
and I was probably the only one
crossing the front lines at that time,

00:06:42.160 --> 00:06:44.280
because the guys were sleeping anyway

00:06:44.360 --> 00:06:48.240
and they were not in the mood of doing war
at 6:00 AM in the morning

00:06:48.320 --> 00:06:50.360
and they wave me and let me go through...

00:06:50.440 --> 00:06:54.120
So it has become part of my life
and my daily sport.

00:07:11.040 --> 00:07:13.040
Both residents are mobiles.

00:07:13.120 --> 00:07:14.040
Eight...

00:07:14.120 --> 00:07:17.640
I have 12 coordinators,
eight of them our first mission.

00:07:18.320 --> 00:07:22.560
I'm talking coordinators here.
I'm not talking delegates.

00:07:22.640 --> 00:07:24.560
And I have seven first missions

00:07:24.640 --> 00:07:27.920
in positions
that were all for experienced people.

00:07:48.840 --> 00:07:50.560
-This is Benoit.
-Hello, Benoit.

00:07:50.640 --> 00:07:53.480
He's the administrative manager
for Mexico and Central America.

00:07:53.560 --> 00:07:55.600
-Great, nice to meet you. Welcome.
-Thanks so much.

00:07:55.680 --> 00:07:58.960
Our mandate always revolves around

00:07:59.040 --> 00:08:03.920
responding to the humanitarian
consequences of armed violence.

00:08:04.600 --> 00:08:05.600
Okay?

00:08:05.680 --> 00:08:07.880
And of violence,
whatever kind it might be,

00:08:07.960 --> 00:08:11.280
but we respond to the humanitarian
consequences on those peoples.

00:08:11.360 --> 00:08:13.800
And Mexico, as you probably know,

00:08:13.880 --> 00:08:16.440
is one of the most violent
countries in the world.

00:08:16.520 --> 00:08:22.160
In 2017, the record was broken
with more than 29,000,

00:08:22.240 --> 00:08:25.640
almost 30,000 homicide victims.

00:08:25.720 --> 00:08:30.560
Residents are what we call
people who live in their city,

00:08:30.640 --> 00:08:32.720
in their town,
but in this particular case

00:08:32.800 --> 00:08:35.400
residents in poor neighbourhoods

00:08:35.480 --> 00:08:38.640
that are controlled
by gangs and armed groups

00:08:38.720 --> 00:08:42.400
that live by extortion,
that live by exploitation, by threats...

00:08:42.480 --> 00:08:46.640
In addition to drug trafficking,
fuel trafficking, you name it.

00:08:46.720 --> 00:08:50.440
Many of these residents,
as a result of this situation of violence,

00:08:50.520 --> 00:08:53.360
become IDP's,

00:08:53.440 --> 00:08:56.000
meaning Internally Displaced People

00:08:56.080 --> 00:08:58.400
because they have to leave
their neighborhoods

00:08:58.480 --> 00:09:03.360
and move to peripheral areas of big cities
and there are many of those in Mexico.

00:09:03.440 --> 00:09:06.000
So then, we also work

00:09:06.080 --> 00:09:09.520
on the humanitarian consequences
of these people

00:09:09.600 --> 00:09:12.400
who, due to violence,
have had to flee their neighbourhoods

00:09:12.480 --> 00:09:13.720
and become displaced.

00:09:13.800 --> 00:09:15.760
Many remain displaced,

00:09:15.840 --> 00:09:20.680
but even more become migrants.

00:09:46.200 --> 00:09:49.000
Mexico is a very violent country.
It is true.

00:09:49.080 --> 00:09:53.000
It's not a country
in what we would call a formal war,

00:09:53.080 --> 00:09:57.160
but the levels of violence are big.

00:10:02.600 --> 00:10:06.600
Well, my home was in
the Zapata District,

00:10:06.680 --> 00:10:09.680
but they started kidnapping teachers

00:10:09.760 --> 00:10:13.680
and so, before putting my family at risk,

00:10:13.760 --> 00:10:15.960
my children, I have my children,
my husband,

00:10:16.040 --> 00:10:18.120
well, we had to leave, didn't we?

00:10:18.200 --> 00:10:22.120
We left our home, we abandoned it
and went to live in the city centre.

00:10:22.200 --> 00:10:27.640
And the government quickly tended to us,
sending our schools

00:10:27.720 --> 00:10:31.160
soldiers, the military,
and they have been watching out for us.

00:10:31.240 --> 00:10:36.120
And we all got used to it, the community,
parents, teachers,

00:10:36.200 --> 00:10:41.120
the children, now all of us are used to
being accompanied by soldiers.

00:10:46.560 --> 00:10:49.280
Violence is definitely
one of the main reasons

00:10:49.360 --> 00:10:52.720
for the homicides
and the disappeared in this country.

00:10:52.800 --> 00:10:58.200
All these groups live out of trafficking,
of all kinds of things,

00:10:58.280 --> 00:11:00.440
or extortion of the population,

00:11:00.520 --> 00:11:05.320
and a way of controlling the population,
obviously, is by instilling fear.

00:11:05.400 --> 00:11:10.680
Fear is the way you control
the territory and the population.

00:11:11.640 --> 00:11:14.880
We're talking about a problem
that comes from the past

00:11:14.960 --> 00:11:16.840
but that is growing every day.

00:11:16.920 --> 00:11:21.320
Every single day in this country
people go missing.

00:11:23.200 --> 00:11:26.920
We also work with missing migrants.

00:11:27.520 --> 00:11:31.280
Some of them may have been
killed by armed groups,

00:11:31.360 --> 00:11:33.040
but some of them are missing

00:11:33.120 --> 00:11:38.440
simply because they died on the desert
while crossing and nobody knows.

00:11:38.520 --> 00:11:43.040
Some of them are missing
because they never called back home.

00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:01.320
So, in this country's morgues
and in this country's graves

00:12:01.400 --> 00:12:05.560
there are 26,000 bodies
and nobody knows who they are,

00:12:05.640 --> 00:12:08.640
and next to them you have families

00:12:08.720 --> 00:12:12.200
looking for their loved ones
who don't know where they are.

00:12:12.280 --> 00:12:13.360
It's a huge job.

00:12:13.440 --> 00:12:17.560
Consider that on a good day,
a forensic team can process three bodies.

00:12:17.640 --> 00:12:21.880
Imagine what it would take
to process the basic files

00:12:21.960 --> 00:12:24.840
for those 26,000 accumulated bodies.

00:13:23.000 --> 00:13:27.000
Well, South Sudan is a country
that I know extremely well myself.

00:13:27.080 --> 00:13:31.280
I've spent nearly five years
of my own life in Sudan

00:13:31.360 --> 00:13:33.360
when it was still one country,

00:13:33.440 --> 00:13:37.040
and South Sudan is actually
the newest country on the planet.

00:13:37.120 --> 00:13:41.640
It gained independence in 2011,
and I remember very well

00:13:41.720 --> 00:13:46.920
how people were hopeful
and full of joy to be independent.

00:13:47.000 --> 00:13:51.560
And, unfortunately,
what we've seen since 2013,

00:13:51.640 --> 00:13:55.640
we've seen this country
sliding back into a very brutal civil war

00:13:55.720 --> 00:13:59.320
that has caused the displacement
of more than four million,

00:13:59.400 --> 00:14:02.960
tens of thousands of people
have been killed,

00:14:03.040 --> 00:14:06.920
and yet it needs
a political solution of this conflict

00:14:07.000 --> 00:14:11.360
to alleviate
the suffering of people in South Sudan.

00:14:44.560 --> 00:14:46.680
So we are going from Lankien,

00:14:46.760 --> 00:14:50.960
where it is at the moment
the headquarters of the opposition,

00:14:51.040 --> 00:14:55.320
towards Motot,
which is a town...

00:14:56.480 --> 00:15:00.080
...about an hour or 40 minutes

00:15:00.160 --> 00:15:03.960
walking distance to the frontline,
and that is what.

00:15:05.040 --> 00:15:10.320
This is what we call the non-international
armed conflict zone,

00:15:10.400 --> 00:15:15.160
where during 2017
there were huge clashes

00:15:15.240 --> 00:15:18.840
between the two parties
of the armed conflict.

00:15:25.320 --> 00:15:27.800
The reason this area is
very important to us

00:15:27.880 --> 00:15:34.080
is because until January
we didn't have access to this zone by car.

00:15:34.920 --> 00:15:39.320
Can you let me know when
we are about to hit SPLA control area?

00:15:40.200 --> 00:15:41.960
...show you the order.

00:15:42.520 --> 00:15:44.120
Thank you, Roger.

00:15:46.200 --> 00:15:48.080
It's a checkpoint.

00:15:51.920 --> 00:15:56.000
You need to put your camera down,
because... Yeah.

00:15:57.320 --> 00:15:59.840
Just for now, until we get...

00:16:23.080 --> 00:16:26.800
When I first arrived here
in November 2017,

00:16:27.720 --> 00:16:30.240
this didn't exist,

00:16:30.320 --> 00:16:34.120
and the majority of the people who were
sitting under the tree were all men.

00:16:34.200 --> 00:16:37.600
I didn't see any women
and any children.

00:16:37.680 --> 00:16:42.160
They were all military, so you knew that
this was the support for the frontline.

00:16:42.240 --> 00:16:43.680
So you can see it,

00:16:43.760 --> 00:16:47.520
life has come back.
People are returning.

00:17:07.640 --> 00:17:13.720
My job is to understand
and navigate a complex labyrinth

00:17:13.800 --> 00:17:18.840
of societal and tribal politics

00:17:18.920 --> 00:17:21.720
that is very, very foreign to me.

00:17:21.800 --> 00:17:24.120
I am a white girl from Australia.

00:17:24.200 --> 00:17:31.120
I do not understand what the nuances
of a tribal setup of a Nuer of Akobo is.

00:17:31.200 --> 00:17:36.160
And I have no power,
but I have a great deal of influence,

00:17:36.240 --> 00:17:39.160
or my institution
has a great deal of influence.

00:17:53.480 --> 00:17:57.400
My institution, also, ICRC,
has given me tools.

00:17:57.480 --> 00:18:01.320
Whether it is by words,
by the right training,

00:18:01.400 --> 00:18:05.120
to be able to navigate
this labyrinth of power.

00:18:11.280 --> 00:18:13.480
I was born in Iran, in Tehran,

00:18:13.560 --> 00:18:19.760
and I spent the majority of my teenage
life growing up in in that country.

00:18:19.840 --> 00:18:24.120
I migrated to Australia
when I was 17 with my family

00:18:24.200 --> 00:18:27.520
and I couldn't speak a word of English.
I could say my name,

00:18:27.600 --> 00:18:30.680
I could say, "This is a cat
and this is a dog",

00:18:30.760 --> 00:18:33.600
and besides that it was very,
very limited.

00:19:07.640 --> 00:19:11.280
Yes, yes I need to talk to you about...

00:19:11.920 --> 00:19:15.560
...this fighting
that started east of Lankien.

00:19:16.200 --> 00:19:20.800
There was a large military...
Well, it's a cattle raid.

00:19:20.880 --> 00:19:22.680
It's far away from Lankien,

00:19:22.760 --> 00:19:25.480
but then there might be some wounded
coming our way.

00:19:25.560 --> 00:19:28.280
I'm in Walgak, on my way to Lankien now,

00:19:28.360 --> 00:19:33.000
so I might have to update you
in in about an hour or two.

00:19:33.080 --> 00:19:35.000
-Ok, this is Lankien...
-That's Lankien.

00:19:35.080 --> 00:19:38.440
-And Chuei is there.
-Chuei is here.

00:19:38.520 --> 00:19:40.720
And that's the Sobat here.

00:19:40.800 --> 00:19:42.480
Then, along the Sobat...

00:19:42.560 --> 00:19:44.040
Towards Old Fangak...

00:19:44.120 --> 00:19:45.760
Towards Korplus...

00:19:47.080 --> 00:19:49.080
Towards Kanan.

00:19:51.880 --> 00:19:55.480
Two cars went, the first car went past
and the second car was attacked.

00:19:55.560 --> 00:19:58.840
Whoever comes back they need
to provide us with information

00:19:58.920 --> 00:20:01.240
about who were
these people who attacked them.

00:20:01.320 --> 00:20:03.600
Were they just cattle raiders?

00:20:03.680 --> 00:20:06.480
Because they would know the difference.
Or were they militia?

00:20:06.560 --> 00:20:09.160
Because this is where we will find out

00:20:09.240 --> 00:20:11.880
whether this is just a normal cattle raid

00:20:11.960 --> 00:20:15.960
or is this as we call it, you know,
the more organised one.

00:20:17.720 --> 00:20:22.480
Actually, the Nuer do not have anything
that they value like their cows.

00:20:23.320 --> 00:20:25.200
Cause cows mean everything to them.

00:20:25.280 --> 00:20:27.320
If you want to be
respected in the community,

00:20:27.400 --> 00:20:31.160
you might be respected by the number
of herd of cows you have.

00:20:31.240 --> 00:20:34.960
You cannot get a girl or you cannot
approach the father of a girl for her hand

00:20:35.040 --> 00:20:39.440
until when you are known to the community
that you have a number of cows.

00:20:39.520 --> 00:20:43.200
When you kill somebody,
whether intentionally or not,

00:20:43.280 --> 00:20:46.840
the composition
is always done in terms of cows.

00:20:48.640 --> 00:20:52.440
If you don't have a job
and you don't have an income

00:20:52.520 --> 00:20:55.360
that you can buy a cattle, what do you do?

00:20:55.440 --> 00:20:58.840
The option is to go
and take it from somewhere else.

00:20:59.880 --> 00:21:02.920
I'm not suggesting that this
is an act of war,

00:21:03.000 --> 00:21:06.080
but I'm just
saying that we need to be careful.

00:22:18.440 --> 00:22:22.000
I have in my iPhone
about 3.000 telephone numbers,

00:22:22.080 --> 00:22:24.800
and one of the first
instructions was, when I came here,

00:22:24.880 --> 00:22:27.560
"Don't give your telephone
number to anybody here.

00:22:27.640 --> 00:22:30.240
You do everything
through your secretary."

00:22:30.320 --> 00:22:33.000
And I did exactly the opposite.

00:22:33.080 --> 00:22:34.960
I gave my telephone number
to everybody

00:22:35.040 --> 00:22:38.600
and so people are calling me even
from prison sometimes.

00:22:42.800 --> 00:22:46.000
So I had to go to Brussels
to a hearing, you know,

00:22:46.080 --> 00:22:49.520
and in this hearing there were
senior people and they were examining me.

00:22:49.600 --> 00:22:52.480
"What do you think
about common security policy,

00:22:52.560 --> 00:22:54.280
common defence policy...?"

00:22:54.360 --> 00:22:57.520
James Steinberg was sitting there,
and Richard Holbrooke,

00:22:57.600 --> 00:22:59.880
the father of the Dayton treaty, you know.

00:22:59.960 --> 00:23:01.920
And they asked me quite a few questions.

00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:04.040
It took almost an hour,

00:23:04.120 --> 00:23:08.960
but ultimately, Mr. Holbrooke said, "Mr.
Inzko, would you use the Bonn Powers?"

00:23:09.840 --> 00:23:12.400
I said, "It depends.

00:23:12.880 --> 00:23:15.400
I would need a six step approach.

00:23:16.040 --> 00:23:18.120
The first step is to listen."

00:23:18.200 --> 00:23:19.960
"Okay. What is the second step?"

00:23:20.040 --> 00:23:24.040
"-Second step is to speak to the people.
-Okay, what is the third step?

00:23:24.120 --> 00:23:27.160
If the talks don't go well,
then you start negotiation."

00:23:27.240 --> 00:23:30.480
"Yeah, good, very good negotiation.
And then?"

00:23:30.560 --> 00:23:33.240
"If negotiations don't go well,
yellow card."

00:23:33.320 --> 00:23:36.400
"Good, Mr Inzko", Holbrook said,
"yellow card, very good.

00:23:36.480 --> 00:23:39.480
But what is the 5th step?",
out of six, you know?

00:23:39.560 --> 00:23:43.880
"The tete-a-tete procedure.
You speak to a bad guy...

00:23:44.520 --> 00:23:46.120
...tete-a-tete, yeah?"

00:23:46.200 --> 00:23:49.800
"OK, yeah, but what is a six step?",
Holbrooke asked.

00:23:49.880 --> 00:23:54.360
I said, "The red card. We eliminate
the politician", and then he embraced me.

00:23:54.440 --> 00:23:56.120
He said, "Isko, very good!

00:23:56.200 --> 00:23:59.360
The red card, the Bonn Powers.
Very good."

00:24:14.040 --> 00:24:17.200
In the first two or three years
I used even Bonn Powers.

00:24:17.280 --> 00:24:19.360
I removed two nasty politicians.

00:24:19.440 --> 00:24:24.200
I rehabilitated also some other people
who were on some sort of blacklist.

00:24:24.280 --> 00:24:29.000
Because if you're on a blacklist, you have
no personal identity card, no passport...

00:24:29.920 --> 00:24:33.240
We have, in Bosnia Herzegovina,
the complete infrastructure

00:24:33.320 --> 00:24:35.120
of the international community.

00:24:35.200 --> 00:24:39.040
Whatever exists worldwide
exists also in Bosnia and Herzegovina,

00:24:39.120 --> 00:24:41.480
but of course in a smaller fraction.

00:24:41.560 --> 00:24:43.400
We have the World Bank, we have IMF,

00:24:43.480 --> 00:24:46.040
we have the European Bank
for Reconstruction,

00:24:46.120 --> 00:24:48.360
the European Investment Bank...

00:24:48.440 --> 00:24:52.920
And my task here is to coordinate

00:24:53.000 --> 00:24:59.720
and to create some consensus of
the policy of the international community.

00:25:01.320 --> 00:25:06.240
Sometimes some of the organisations
are little bit egoistic or even autistic

00:25:06.320 --> 00:25:10.760
as don't like to share
information with others, yeah.

00:25:10.840 --> 00:25:15.600
Then we try to have a common policy
and then we are strongest.

00:25:15.680 --> 00:25:18.360
We are strongest when we are united.

00:25:18.440 --> 00:25:21.760
And we are weak when the international
community is not united.

00:25:21.840 --> 00:25:27.040
So my goal is to have a united
approach of the international community.

00:25:37.080 --> 00:25:40.640
I would like to recall also
a British principle

00:25:40.720 --> 00:25:42.920
which was used in the 18th century.

00:25:43.000 --> 00:25:46.600
A British Lord who negotiated said,

00:25:46.680 --> 00:25:51.040
"When you negotiate
you need a fleet behind you".

00:25:51.120 --> 00:25:54.640
So you are using the threat of force.

00:25:54.720 --> 00:25:58.560
You don't use the force,
but the threat of the use of force.

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.760
When the Dayton peace agreement
was negotiated,

00:26:05.400 --> 00:26:10.400
it was funny that the Americans
put it into an air base,

00:26:10.480 --> 00:26:12.560
Wright Patterson Air Base,

00:26:12.640 --> 00:26:16.040
so where Milosevic was sitting,
or Tudjman, or Izetbegović,

00:26:16.120 --> 00:26:20.680
behind them were the bombers,
big aeroplanes, helicopters, etcetera.

00:26:20.760 --> 00:26:25.040
I visited it later.
It's really impressive, Wright Patterson,

00:26:25.840 --> 00:26:30.040
a military base,
and so you could feel the force

00:26:30.120 --> 00:26:35.680
the might behind
America's role as negotiator.

00:26:36.160 --> 00:26:39.640
Of course,
we also had a very skilful negotiator.

00:26:39.720 --> 00:26:43.040
The chief
negotiator was Richard Holbrooke.

00:26:43.120 --> 00:26:45.920
Clinton was behind these negotiations.

00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:48.080
There was also...

00:26:48.920 --> 00:26:50.400
...Tony Blair behind this.

00:26:50.480 --> 00:26:53.560
The Russians were cooperative.
I think this was time of Yeltsin.

00:26:53.640 --> 00:26:56.000
But in any case
the Russians were cooperative

00:26:56.080 --> 00:27:01.360
and we could convince Milosevic
and Tudjman and Izetbegović

00:27:01.440 --> 00:27:03.400
to sign this peace agreement.

00:27:03.480 --> 00:27:08.920
Of course, in this peace agreement nobody
was satisfied, but the war was stopped.

00:27:09.000 --> 00:27:11.880
This is the biggest achievement, peace...

00:27:11.960 --> 00:27:14.440
The second biggest achievement,
in my view,

00:27:14.520 --> 00:27:21.360
which is underestimated,
is that Dayton created one state for all.

00:27:41.160 --> 00:27:43.880
We don't need
to work always in the limelight.

00:27:43.960 --> 00:27:48.680
We can do certain things
because we enjoy the trust

00:27:48.760 --> 00:27:54.240
of warring parties as a neutral,
impartial, independent organisation.

00:27:54.320 --> 00:27:58.040
That allows us to do things
that you can't do

00:27:58.120 --> 00:28:00.960
if you don't have the trust
of all the parties.

00:28:01.040 --> 00:28:06.720
In Colombia, the worst is the historical
moment where the government of Colombia

00:28:06.800 --> 00:28:13.000
was trying to initiate contacts
and a dialogue with the FARC guerrillas

00:28:13.080 --> 00:28:17.720
to negotiate to discuss the end of
the 50 year war for this half a century.

00:28:17.800 --> 00:28:22.480
So for you and
for the institution, it's a trial time,

00:28:22.560 --> 00:28:27.360
where you have to earn the respect
and the credibility of both sides.

00:28:27.440 --> 00:28:31.960
One of the big challenges was
indeed how to bring

00:28:32.040 --> 00:28:36.440
the representatives of the government of
Colombia and the FARC

00:28:36.520 --> 00:28:39.720
to the same negotiation table.

00:28:41.720 --> 00:28:45.120
And it's something that takes time,
takes patience,

00:28:45.200 --> 00:28:48.200
takes a lot of coffee,
takes a lot of discussions,

00:28:48.280 --> 00:28:53.480
and there is a moment when
you carry out the first operation.

00:29:06.000 --> 00:29:08.640
As recently as six years ago,

00:29:09.280 --> 00:29:14.240
we Colombians didn't dare to imagine

00:29:14.320 --> 00:29:19.680
the end of a war that we had suffered
through for half a century.

00:29:21.240 --> 00:29:23.680
For the vast majority of us,

00:29:24.280 --> 00:29:27.440
peace seemed to be an impossible dream.

00:29:28.160 --> 00:29:31.960
And so it was,
for obvious reasons.

00:29:32.760 --> 00:29:36.440
For very few, almost no one,

00:29:36.520 --> 00:29:40.000
remembered what it was like
to live in a country at peace.

00:29:40.080 --> 00:29:42.720
I was born in a country at war.

00:29:43.400 --> 00:29:45.560
I grew up in a country at war.

00:29:56.200 --> 00:30:00.080
I had several experiences
that marked my life.

00:30:00.160 --> 00:30:04.400
Perhaps the most important one was
a conversation I had with Nelson Mandela,

00:30:04.480 --> 00:30:08.240
where he told me that Colombia would never
get off the ground

00:30:08.320 --> 00:30:09.800
unless we ended the war.

00:30:09.880 --> 00:30:14.040
Violence as a form of the exercise
of politics in Colombia

00:30:14.120 --> 00:30:19.000
has been a patent and consubstantial
part of the political system

00:30:19.080 --> 00:30:22.320
from the very moment
the war of independence ended.

00:30:22.840 --> 00:30:28.000
When our freedom from, shall we say,
Spanish colonialism was achieved,

00:30:28.080 --> 00:30:33.240
a series of internal conflicts and armed
clashes were immediately sparked off

00:30:33.320 --> 00:30:34.120
that determined that we would spend

00:30:34.200 --> 00:30:38.120
practically the entire 19th century
at war.

00:30:43.280 --> 00:30:49.480
In the 60's, insurgent groups
used violence in order to obtain

00:30:49.560 --> 00:30:53.040
either concessions or even
a change of power in the country.

00:30:53.120 --> 00:30:57.000
First, the FARC were in fact born
as an agricultural movement,

00:30:57.080 --> 00:30:59.320
as a peasant movement.

00:30:59.840 --> 00:31:02.880
Sometimes I wonder
if this couldn't have been handled

00:31:02.960 --> 00:31:05.200
in a relatively simple way at that time.

00:31:05.280 --> 00:31:09.240
But this Colombian elite,
which at times is extremely blind,

00:31:09.800 --> 00:31:14.400
was permanently opposed to
an agricultural reform process,

00:31:14.880 --> 00:31:18.120
and that gradually revitalized the FARC

00:31:18.200 --> 00:31:20.760
until the point
when two things intervened:

00:31:20.840 --> 00:31:26.560
the Cold War, when Moscow adopted the FARC
for political reasons,

00:31:26.640 --> 00:31:30.040
and later drug trafficking,
which is Colombia's greatest misfortune.

00:31:30.120 --> 00:31:33.640
However, it is foolish to think

00:31:33.720 --> 00:31:38.200
that the end of all conflicts is
the extermination of the other side.

00:31:38.280 --> 00:31:40.640
Winning by force of arms,

00:31:40.720 --> 00:31:43.080
annihilating the enemy,

00:31:43.160 --> 00:31:46.520
taking war to its ultimate consequences

00:31:47.680 --> 00:31:51.760
is to refuse to see in our opponents
another human being.

00:31:52.640 --> 00:31:56.360
Someone we can have a dialogue with.

00:31:57.800 --> 00:31:59.000
A dialogue...

00:31:59.600 --> 00:32:06.720
...respecting the dignity of all,
and that is what we did in Colombia.

00:32:06.800 --> 00:32:11.920
I was actually one of the first to learn
about it, without knowing all the details

00:32:12.400 --> 00:32:16.080
because one day at the airport,
while traveling,

00:32:16.160 --> 00:32:19.400
I ran into the High Commissioner for Peace

00:32:19.480 --> 00:32:22.440
and I asked him:
"Why are you traveling to Cuba so much?"

00:32:23.640 --> 00:32:25.480
He smiled and said...

00:32:26.400 --> 00:32:31.880
"Not a word about this, Dario, because
you might screw it up, and it's for real."

00:32:34.600 --> 00:32:38.000
"But are they for real?"
And he said: "Yes."

00:32:38.080 --> 00:32:40.160
We have international support here.

00:32:40.240 --> 00:32:44.720
This has been handled in the most tactful,
most secretive way."

00:32:47.120 --> 00:32:50.200
And let me take this opportunity

00:32:51.160 --> 00:32:54.440
to extend a very special thank you...

00:33:02.920 --> 00:33:07.280
...to the Norwegian people,
to their Government,

00:33:07.360 --> 00:33:11.280
for their peaceful character
and their spirit of solidarity.

00:33:18.680 --> 00:33:21.280
Norway has been doing this kind of work,

00:33:21.360 --> 00:33:25.360
peace and reconciliation,
for the last 25 years,

00:33:25.440 --> 00:33:30.240
starting with the Oslo Agreement
between Israel and the Palestines

00:33:30.320 --> 00:33:34.760
in Washington on
the White House lawn 25 years ago.

00:33:35.880 --> 00:33:40.160
There was an idea that it was possible
to do some good in the world, finally,

00:33:40.240 --> 00:33:42.160
that we had left this Cold War,

00:33:42.240 --> 00:33:45.640
and that it was a role for a small country

00:33:45.720 --> 00:33:49.720
in the area of human security,
human rights,

00:33:49.800 --> 00:33:53.880
peace negotiations...
that larger countries could not take.

00:33:54.560 --> 00:33:59.960
Being a Norwegian diplomat you get
into this kind of work relatively quickly,

00:34:00.040 --> 00:34:03.600
and I remember starting
at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

00:34:03.680 --> 00:34:05.280
a couple of decades back.

00:34:05.360 --> 00:34:09.880
I ended up going to Colombia
back in 2006,

00:34:09.960 --> 00:34:13.320
helping to facilitate peace talks.

00:34:33.240 --> 00:34:37.240
I think the most important when you play
the role of the neutral intermediary

00:34:37.320 --> 00:34:40.600
is to be credible, to be trustful...

00:34:41.760 --> 00:34:42.760
...to be neutral.

00:34:42.840 --> 00:34:45.640
In my position you have to be very frank.

00:34:45.720 --> 00:34:50.120
It's a very narrow road where one
has to tread very carefully,

00:34:50.200 --> 00:34:53.440
because if I put one step outside my
modality,

00:34:53.520 --> 00:34:56.080
that's been set by my institution,

00:34:56.160 --> 00:34:59.800
I will set a very,
very dangerous precedent.

00:35:00.360 --> 00:35:04.000
Negotiate based on facts,
on facts and figures.

00:35:04.080 --> 00:35:07.400
Of course we can always speak about
politics, we can speak about the future,

00:35:07.480 --> 00:35:09.360
we can speak about something imaginary,

00:35:09.440 --> 00:35:12.400
but when you speak about facts
is always easy

00:35:12.480 --> 00:35:16.240
because facts are measurable,
they exist or they don't exist, yeah?

00:35:16.320 --> 00:35:20.760
You are not credible, neutral
or trustful because you say so.

00:35:20.840 --> 00:35:24.480
I can go and tell them,
"The ICRC is a neutral organisation".

00:35:24.560 --> 00:35:26.920
Okay, that's fine.
Of course I will tell them that.

00:35:27.000 --> 00:35:29.600
But it will be them...

00:35:29.680 --> 00:35:31.680
...deciding whether I'm neutral or not.

00:35:31.760 --> 00:35:35.840
The key is that
the facilitator or the mediator

00:35:35.920 --> 00:35:39.760
gets to spend
sufficient time with the partners.

00:35:39.840 --> 00:35:43.920
We had to navigate our way
around this,

00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:49.400
and sticking to this very narrow pathway,
it comes with costs,

00:35:49.480 --> 00:35:54.440
because they get frustrated
because they cannot push you off the line.

00:35:54.520 --> 00:35:58.840
In bilateral negotiations you have,
of course, many times situations

00:35:58.920 --> 00:36:02.480
where power is not
always equally distributed

00:36:02.560 --> 00:36:07.440
And sometimes you can also use power
to be a beneficial element.

00:36:07.520 --> 00:36:10.080
That's the point where you have to,
I think...

00:36:10.160 --> 00:36:12.520
Both parties will have to decide

00:36:12.600 --> 00:36:16.440
"Are we going to compromise and work
together or it's going to be a clash

00:36:16.520 --> 00:36:18.680
and then we'll have to go
our separate ways?"

00:36:18.760 --> 00:36:21.040
And I always say that the key to this

00:36:21.120 --> 00:36:25.880
is to make sure that you say
what you do and you do what you say.

00:36:25.960 --> 00:36:29.720
This earns you the respect
of people at the end of the day.

00:36:30.600 --> 00:36:32.840
Ciao bye bye bye bye.

00:36:32.920 --> 00:36:33.880
Okay.

00:36:33.960 --> 00:36:37.520
He thought that we were attacked.

00:36:38.840 --> 00:36:39.800
Alright.

00:37:29.920 --> 00:37:36.760
When I arrived, this hospital was occupied
by humans and goats and dogs.

00:37:36.840 --> 00:37:41.360
It's a very special project
for the ICRC in South Sudan.

00:37:41.440 --> 00:37:43.720
In Akobo, and across South Sudan,

00:37:43.800 --> 00:37:46.040
the physical infrastructure
in this country

00:37:46.120 --> 00:37:48.160
is very minimal or non-existent,

00:37:48.240 --> 00:37:52.800
and it is very dependent on
humanitarian aid to be able to function.

00:38:13.320 --> 00:38:17.160
Now, if you belong to a clan
and you have a hospital like Akobo,

00:38:17.240 --> 00:38:18.600
it's a source of income,

00:38:18.680 --> 00:38:21.640
as an international institution
that is coming to takeover,

00:38:21.720 --> 00:38:25.320
it's an opportunity to have people
from your community,

00:38:25.400 --> 00:38:29.440
people from your sub clan,
people from your closest and dearest

00:38:29.520 --> 00:38:32.080
to have access
to an income that is steady,

00:38:32.160 --> 00:38:34.760
that it's good, and it's a secure job.

00:38:35.320 --> 00:38:38.640
So whenever there is a job advert,
whether they do not consider

00:38:38.720 --> 00:38:40.560
the expertise they have,

00:38:40.640 --> 00:38:43.680
they only consider
that the job advert is in this location

00:38:43.760 --> 00:38:47.600
and it is only the citizen and the sons
and daughters of this location

00:38:47.680 --> 00:38:50.560
that are supposed to be hired.

00:38:50.640 --> 00:38:54.200
They do forget that there is a skill
needed

00:38:54.280 --> 00:38:58.840
for this particular position,
for a person to occupy this position.

00:39:00.480 --> 00:39:02.320
So the challenge is,

00:39:02.400 --> 00:39:07.320
how far do we go to challenge
the nepotism that is in the community?

00:39:08.360 --> 00:39:12.960
It requires a certain level
of humility to sit down and listen

00:39:13.040 --> 00:39:17.160
and then plan and scrap your plan
and make another plan,

00:39:17.240 --> 00:39:21.840
to map these actors of influence,
to talk with your staff,

00:39:21.920 --> 00:39:25.200
your people who live here to go and
sit in the market

00:39:25.280 --> 00:39:26.920
and have a cup of tea...

00:39:27.720 --> 00:39:33.200
To go and meet people under a tree
and introduce yourself and allow them

00:39:33.280 --> 00:39:38.280
to explain their problems to you. And
that's precisely what we had to do.

00:39:40.240 --> 00:39:43.400
And they have
their own hierarchical structure.

00:39:43.480 --> 00:39:46.680
They have their own influencers.
They have the chiefs.

00:39:46.760 --> 00:39:52.200
The women have their group of wise women
who essentially take care of mediation.

00:39:52.280 --> 00:39:58.400
You have the Council of Chiefs,
you have different clans and sub clans

00:39:58.480 --> 00:40:02.480
and sub sub clans
and everybody has a different agenda.

00:40:03.440 --> 00:40:07.040
They will go through a test,
because we want to bring

00:40:07.120 --> 00:40:09.160
their capacity
to that standard.

00:40:09.240 --> 00:40:11.240
If they pass,

00:40:11.760 --> 00:40:13.520
that job will be theirs.

00:40:13.600 --> 00:40:17.960
This person has to be able to read.
This person has to be able to write

00:40:18.040 --> 00:40:23.000
and needs to be able to at least
communicate a certain level of English.

00:40:23.080 --> 00:40:25.960
We will give you 3 months probation.

00:40:26.440 --> 00:40:30.560
At the end of this three months,
they will be tested again.

00:40:30.640 --> 00:40:34.480
If they get through,
the job is theirs.

00:40:34.560 --> 00:40:38.960
If they don't, the job will go
to a more qualified person.

00:40:39.040 --> 00:40:42.200
...and without it
we cannot reform...

00:40:42.280 --> 00:40:47.360
I think I am in a growing agreement
with you that if your objective

00:40:47.440 --> 00:40:53.480
is to make sure that health services to be
delivered by Akobo County Hospital

00:40:53.560 --> 00:40:59.240
should be only competing basis by making
sure that the staffs are highly qualified

00:40:59.320 --> 00:41:02.920
with technical skills,
no matter what it costs,

00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:08.200
I will fully stand with a CRC.

00:41:08.880 --> 00:41:16.080
I had to be able to control my emotions
when it came to a context.

00:41:16.160 --> 00:41:20.720
It's very difficult
when you are a head of operation

00:41:20.800 --> 00:41:24.680
for a context
that it becomes your bread and butter.

00:41:24.760 --> 00:41:29.400
It becomes what you live, you breathe,
you sleep every day.

00:41:29.480 --> 00:41:31.760
Good to see you.
How are you?

00:41:31.840 --> 00:41:37.200
The ICRC will speak to any person
or any group involved in a conflict

00:41:37.280 --> 00:41:41.000
or any authority
claiming to control certain areas.

00:41:41.080 --> 00:41:43.160
So there are no go areas for us.

00:41:43.240 --> 00:41:44.760
I mean, we will discuss with them,

00:41:44.840 --> 00:41:50.000
we will discuss with whomever we have
to discuss in order to gain safe access

00:41:50.080 --> 00:41:54.040
to the communities,
to the victims in need.

00:42:37.120 --> 00:42:42.320
Widows, relatives of the victims
in Srebrenica, see in the shop...

00:42:43.960 --> 00:42:48.480
...former soldiers who were fighting
for Republika Srpska,

00:42:48.560 --> 00:42:51.480
bus drivers who may be
the ones who drove the buses

00:42:51.560 --> 00:42:55.080
when these prisoners were transported.

00:42:55.800 --> 00:42:57.480
It's very difficult.

00:42:57.560 --> 00:42:59.800
But I must say that...

00:43:00.920 --> 00:43:04.520
...these Bosniaks, in this case,

00:43:04.600 --> 00:43:08.360
these are remarkable people.
They have a lot of mercy.

00:43:09.760 --> 00:43:11.880
They are merciful people,

00:43:12.360 --> 00:43:17.120
and after the war I think there
was almost no revenge killing.

00:43:17.200 --> 00:43:19.680
After 100,000 people have been killed!

00:43:19.760 --> 00:43:24.520
There was no revenge killing after
the war. I really admire such people.

00:43:45.240 --> 00:43:48.800
First of all, Jovan Dvijak
is always being also mentioned

00:43:48.880 --> 00:43:50.280
because of his nationality.

00:43:50.360 --> 00:43:53.240
He's a Serb, even from Serbia.

00:43:53.320 --> 00:43:56.360
When he moved,
he became very popular in Sarajevo,

00:43:56.440 --> 00:43:59.520
but most important
was the period of the war

00:43:59.600 --> 00:44:05.320
when he as a Serb defended Sarajevo
from Serb aggression.

00:44:05.400 --> 00:44:09.000
And I asked him, I said,
"Jovan, Why did you do it?

00:44:09.080 --> 00:44:11.480
You are a Serb
and you defended it from the Serbs."

00:44:11.560 --> 00:44:15.320
He said, "No I would defend it
even if the Muslims would attack Sarajevo,

00:44:15.400 --> 00:44:17.000
or the Croats, it doesn't matter.

00:44:17.080 --> 00:44:20.240
If somebody attacks my city,
I defend my city.

00:44:20.320 --> 00:44:23.480
This is why I have defended Sarajevo."

00:44:53.800 --> 00:44:58.800
And later, after the war,
he created an association

00:44:58.880 --> 00:45:03.040
called "Only Education
Will Build Bosnia and Herzegovina".

00:45:03.120 --> 00:45:04.320
Only education.

00:45:04.400 --> 00:45:07.040
I mean this is
interesting for any country,

00:45:07.120 --> 00:45:09.400
but especially for Bosnia and Herzegovina,

00:45:09.480 --> 00:45:14.640
and he handed over fellowships
to more than 7,000 young people.

00:45:20.400 --> 00:45:22.120
The war has ended.

00:45:22.200 --> 00:45:25.880
And everything that had to happen,
like reconciliation,

00:45:25.960 --> 00:45:29.800
like having war criminals in the court...

00:45:29.880 --> 00:45:31.240
Nothing has happened.

00:45:31.320 --> 00:45:36.600
These war criminals went to Hague
and even there it took years and years,

00:45:36.680 --> 00:45:40.720
and even the last cases
are being now handled these days,

00:45:40.800 --> 00:45:44.560
against two security officers, you know,

00:45:44.640 --> 00:45:48.280
from security services,
secret services...

00:45:48.920 --> 00:45:52.360
So it took now 26 years, 27 years.

00:45:52.440 --> 00:45:54.160
But in the International court.

00:45:54.240 --> 00:45:58.520
In local courts,
very few cases are really processed.

00:45:58.600 --> 00:46:02.560
But this is very important
for the reconciliation.

00:46:02.640 --> 00:46:06.760
Because truth is a foundation for justice.

00:46:37.720 --> 00:46:41.680
We're helping not to identify
but to stablish by our forensic teams

00:46:41.760 --> 00:46:44.640
what is called a basic information file.

00:46:45.360 --> 00:46:47.640
Before those bodies
are buried or destroyed,

00:46:47.720 --> 00:46:50.440
there has to
be a file with all the technical

00:46:50.520 --> 00:46:52.800
and personal
forensic details of that body,

00:46:52.880 --> 00:46:56.240
in case one day
we can find his or her family.

00:47:18.440 --> 00:47:21.120
My son's name is
Julio César Torres Páez.

00:47:21.200 --> 00:47:25.520
He was born on July 25th, 1991.

00:47:25.600 --> 00:47:30.560
My son was 26 years old when
he disappeared; he was about to turn 26.

00:47:31.400 --> 00:47:34.240
He is the only son...

00:47:34.800 --> 00:47:37.040
...that we had, that we have.

00:47:37.120 --> 00:47:41.240
We lost everything overnight, because...

00:47:44.080 --> 00:47:46.240
...we were left with nothing.

00:47:55.360 --> 00:48:00.320
My son Julio César disappeared
on June 23rd, 2017.

00:48:01.840 --> 00:48:05.760
He started working as a cab driver
when he was 16.

00:48:06.280 --> 00:48:10.600
The last time I saw my son
was at dinner at 11:00 pm.

00:48:12.920 --> 00:48:15.960
There's a social media page,

00:48:16.040 --> 00:48:19.920
on Facebook, called "Lo real de Guerrero"
(What's real in Guerrero).

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:22.640
There was an information piece there

00:48:22.720 --> 00:48:25.600
saying that in a town
called Las Plazuelas,

00:48:25.680 --> 00:48:27.440
at 12 midnight,

00:48:27.920 --> 00:48:32.320
they had found a taxicab
across the bridge.

00:48:32.400 --> 00:48:35.440
"At 12 midnight,
residents of the town of Las Plazuelas

00:48:35.520 --> 00:48:37.680
reported that at the beginning
of the day today

00:48:37.760 --> 00:48:40.240
a yellow and white taxicab
had been abandoned

00:48:40.320 --> 00:48:42.640
on the upper part
of the Las Plazuelas bridge,

00:48:42.720 --> 00:48:46.280
and in the trunk were the remains
of a dismembered male,

00:48:46.360 --> 00:48:48.920
along with a piece of paper.

00:48:49.000 --> 00:48:51.720
The picture that was taken is this one,

00:48:52.360 --> 00:48:54.680
where a person appears...

00:48:56.160 --> 00:48:59.480
...with no head, and a piece of paper.

00:49:00.120 --> 00:49:03.760
And I went to the town,
but it was already about 8:00 am.

00:49:04.360 --> 00:49:07.200
I went to get him.
It's a very dangerous place.

00:49:07.280 --> 00:49:09.520
I investigated and I was told...

00:49:10.640 --> 00:49:12.400
...that his relatives...

00:49:13.280 --> 00:49:15.280
...had taken the body.

00:49:15.360 --> 00:49:16.920
But we wondered, I wondered:

00:49:17.000 --> 00:49:19.720
"His only relatives are us".

00:49:21.720 --> 00:49:28.120
Well, I can tell you that from the moment
my son disappeared...

00:49:29.760 --> 00:49:32.680
Well, I feel like my life
is a living death.

00:49:35.040 --> 00:49:37.720
Because he was the love of my life.

00:49:38.240 --> 00:49:40.280
I love him, I love him...

00:49:41.160 --> 00:49:43.480
I don't want revenge.

00:49:44.640 --> 00:49:47.760
I just want to find my son.

00:49:50.520 --> 00:49:54.040
Missing is one
of the most difficult issues to handle

00:49:54.120 --> 00:49:55.960
from the humanitarian point of view

00:49:56.040 --> 00:50:01.440
and often it is one of the most difficult
issues to understand

00:50:01.520 --> 00:50:05.840
by those that don't suffer this problem.

00:50:06.440 --> 00:50:11.440
For many people it is difficult
to understand that a relative

00:50:12.200 --> 00:50:16.640
prefers to know the truth
than to live in ignorance,

00:50:16.720 --> 00:50:20.160
even if the truth is, "He's dead".

00:50:20.960 --> 00:50:25.600
It is way more bearable
for them to know

00:50:25.680 --> 00:50:29.080
that their son, their daughter,
is dead,

00:50:29.160 --> 00:50:33.360
provide a proper burial,
mourn and close the case

00:50:33.440 --> 00:50:38.880
than living in the constant ambiguity
and anxiety of not knowing.

00:50:40.320 --> 00:50:45.040
It is extremely frustrating
for a person, for a mother,

00:50:45.120 --> 00:50:48.440
who's been looking for her son
for 20 years

00:50:48.520 --> 00:50:53.760
to know that it can be one of the bodies
in a morgue, just there,

00:50:54.440 --> 00:50:59.360
but there is no system
that allows you to identify.

00:51:00.800 --> 00:51:05.440
We know we cannot solve the problem,
at least not overnight, obviously,

00:51:05.520 --> 00:51:10.480
help this 26,000 human remains
that are not identified.

00:51:10.560 --> 00:51:14.760
But what we try is to bring,
from the forensic side,

00:51:14.840 --> 00:51:18.240
the expertise,
the international standards,

00:51:18.320 --> 00:51:23.160
to train the existing capacity
and try to increase that capacity

00:51:23.240 --> 00:51:26.120
also in the future
by helping maybe create

00:51:26.200 --> 00:51:31.920
a national curriculum for forensic,
a National Institute of Forensics...

00:51:32.000 --> 00:51:35.560
So we try to bring all these
material and technical

00:51:35.640 --> 00:51:37.840
and international standards expertise

00:51:37.920 --> 00:51:40.120
to build the forensic capacity
of the country.

00:51:40.200 --> 00:51:43.680
Of course, this takes time,
but it's the only way out.

00:52:17.760 --> 00:52:21.840
The bodies we exhume
are in many different states.

00:52:21.920 --> 00:52:25.640
Some bodies are totally recent
and fresh and complete.

00:52:25.720 --> 00:52:27.720
There are bodies that are decomposed,

00:52:27.800 --> 00:52:30.080
there are bodies that we exhume

00:52:30.160 --> 00:52:32.920
that are just skeletons,
in other words, just bones.

00:52:33.000 --> 00:52:38.120
So, the exhumations of just bones
go directly to the bone room.

00:52:41.680 --> 00:52:43.400
Here we find...

00:52:43.480 --> 00:52:48.400
We have temporarily set up
the bone repository.

00:52:48.480 --> 00:52:51.880
We are actually planning
to build a specific place

00:52:51.960 --> 00:52:55.520
with all the elements
that the norms and protocols establish

00:52:55.600 --> 00:52:56.920
to be able to perform our work,

00:52:57.000 --> 00:53:01.240
but given the considerable
number of skeletons

00:53:01.320 --> 00:53:03.360
that we have found
in the state of Guerrero,

00:53:03.440 --> 00:53:08.120
we are actually forced to use this place

00:53:08.200 --> 00:53:10.800
as a bone storage site.

00:53:10.880 --> 00:53:15.720
You can also see that each box
actually contains a body.

00:53:17.000 --> 00:53:21.440
These remains are just a skeleton,
but this skeleton has undergone

00:53:21.520 --> 00:53:24.840
a whole process of scientific studies,

00:53:24.920 --> 00:53:27.160
that is, they're not here
just for safekeeping,

00:53:27.240 --> 00:53:32.720
they're here for safekeeping, but so they
can be identified at the appropriate time.

00:53:32.800 --> 00:53:35.760
This body may not have been fingerprinted,

00:53:35.840 --> 00:53:38.000
but anthropology was done on it,

00:53:38.080 --> 00:53:40.200
forensic odontology was done on it

00:53:40.280 --> 00:53:43.080
and forensic genetics was done on it,

00:53:43.160 --> 00:53:46.440
that's why it's here, so it can be found.

00:53:47.560 --> 00:53:51.680
And right now, we currently have 139

00:53:52.160 --> 00:53:56.400
boxes or skeletal remains
in storage right here,

00:53:56.480 --> 00:54:00.840
because we would fill an entire cemetery
with all the bodies we have.

00:54:01.560 --> 00:54:04.760
We can actually see here

00:54:04.840 --> 00:54:07.800
that in fact we found a skull.

00:54:08.720 --> 00:54:10.600
We also have...

00:54:11.200 --> 00:54:14.960
Here, it says that there are some ribs,

00:54:15.040 --> 00:54:18.600
which is the right rib,
part of the parietal, okay?

00:54:19.160 --> 00:54:22.160
There's a pelvic region...

00:54:23.520 --> 00:54:25.960
And the presence of the new protocols,

00:54:26.040 --> 00:54:30.760
the presence of groups of families
that form collectives to put...

00:54:31.280 --> 00:54:34.440
...pressure on the government,
put pressure on us and say:

00:54:34.520 --> 00:54:36.640
"Look, I don't want you to tell me
how he died,

00:54:36.720 --> 00:54:38.920
I want you to tell me if he's my relative.

00:54:39.000 --> 00:54:41.720
I love my relative
and I'm looking for my relative."

00:54:41.800 --> 00:54:45.440
So, then we said,
"Well, we have to take the next step,

00:54:45.520 --> 00:54:47.880
we have to use forensic science
and give results."

00:54:47.960 --> 00:54:51.600
And it's painful to see a mother
come in and cry

00:54:51.680 --> 00:54:54.840
and actually see her
find her son lying there...

00:54:54.920 --> 00:54:57.600
It's very painful,
especially when it's a young person.

00:54:57.680 --> 00:55:00.920
It's pain you carry with you
for the rest of your life.

00:55:02.000 --> 00:55:07.640
This type of cause of death that
you can't find is an incredible thing.

00:55:09.520 --> 00:55:14.800
The great satisfaction one has
is that this body, in the end...

00:55:17.160 --> 00:55:19.240
...returns to its place of origin.

00:55:19.960 --> 00:55:21.400
The...

00:55:21.480 --> 00:55:25.240
The pain they feel very often
gets passed on to us.

00:55:26.440 --> 00:55:27.800
We have feelings...

00:55:29.120 --> 00:55:33.480
Because we're human beings too.
Because we have children.

00:55:34.760 --> 00:55:39.040
And I wouldn't want to suffer
a moment this difficult, you know?

00:55:40.920 --> 00:55:43.000
Forgive me.
Sorry, sorry.

00:55:48.920 --> 00:55:51.160
Today we will do everything possible.

00:55:51.240 --> 00:55:53.800
Everything possible so that these bodies

00:55:53.880 --> 00:55:58.080
will reach their families, be buried,
have a wake, be prayed over,

00:55:58.160 --> 00:56:01.320
be mourned in their coffins, at home.

00:56:04.920 --> 00:56:08.880
If the war does not stop
after three or four or five years,

00:56:08.960 --> 00:56:12.040
and it prolongs for a decade or 15 years,

00:56:12.120 --> 00:56:18.840
you have these generation
were sons and grandsons and daughters,

00:56:18.920 --> 00:56:22.240
and granddaughters are less literate

00:56:22.320 --> 00:56:25.520
than their parents
or than their grandparents,

00:56:25.600 --> 00:56:30.680
and this makes putting an end to conflict
way more difficult.

00:56:30.760 --> 00:56:32.440
Much more difficult.

00:56:32.520 --> 00:56:35.880
Because this is a generation where

00:56:35.960 --> 00:56:40.000
maybe when war started
they were like 5-6 years

00:56:40.080 --> 00:56:42.640
and then 20 years down the road,

00:56:42.720 --> 00:56:46.520
war steel goes on
but they're already 25 or 26.

00:56:46.600 --> 00:56:52.200
War is the only thing they know
and war is the only industry in town

00:56:52.280 --> 00:56:55.440
that can provide them a job.

00:57:32.520 --> 00:57:33.800
Hey, puppy.

00:57:35.840 --> 00:57:37.240
Molly...

00:57:39.200 --> 00:57:44.280
These two girls are by name
Nassande and Nyato.

00:57:44.360 --> 00:57:47.080
Their father is called Pai Tiptip.

00:57:47.160 --> 00:57:52.600
When the fighting erupted in Malakal,
he was on the side of Garang,

00:57:52.680 --> 00:57:56.880
so the children were under
the care of one of his neighbours,

00:57:56.960 --> 00:57:59.760
when they were in Malakal together,

00:57:59.840 --> 00:58:05.640
and this man has been taking care
of this girl

00:58:05.720 --> 00:58:07.640
for the last four and a half years.

00:58:07.720 --> 00:58:13.200
We frequently visited her and we also
made possible the communication

00:58:13.280 --> 00:58:16.240
between her and the father
and between her and...

00:58:16.320 --> 00:58:19.120
And both are happy
to be reunified with the father?

00:58:19.200 --> 00:58:20.040
Very happy.

00:58:20.120 --> 00:58:22.560
And the father
wants to be reunified with them?

00:58:22.640 --> 00:58:23.680
Yes.

00:58:43.800 --> 00:58:48.480
So he's saying that the life of a better
living human being is very important.

00:58:48.560 --> 00:58:51.840
"I do not have any interest saving
the life of this girl crossing the river

00:58:51.920 --> 00:58:56.120
if I can't make at least sure
that they feel at home.

00:58:56.200 --> 00:59:00.600
So it was just more or less
a humanity kind of sympathy.

00:59:00.680 --> 00:59:03.680
So I do not have
any basic interests behind this,

00:59:03.760 --> 00:59:05.920
only like to save their life."

00:59:06.000 --> 00:59:07.520
Ok, that's good.

00:59:07.600 --> 00:59:12.000
Thank you so much
for all your help with the girls

00:59:12.080 --> 00:59:14.120
on behalf of the father.

00:59:14.200 --> 00:59:18.840
Life is tough in South Sudan,
specially for girls and for women.

00:59:18.920 --> 00:59:23.280
If it's not the conditions of living,
if it's not the nature of the conflict,

00:59:23.360 --> 00:59:28.640
if it's not post-traumatic stress,
if it's not the way... I don't know.

00:59:28.720 --> 00:59:31.480
It's just everyday life;
being married too young,

00:59:31.560 --> 00:59:34.200
not having access to education.

00:59:34.880 --> 00:59:36.920
So you are Nassande?

00:59:38.320 --> 00:59:40.160
Yes? And then Nyato.

00:59:44.120 --> 00:59:47.160
Okay, nice to meet you.
My name is Dorsa.

00:59:47.240 --> 00:59:49.080
They've been living here for four years,

00:59:49.160 --> 00:59:53.640
and every day they thought they were
going to be reunified with their family.

00:59:53.720 --> 00:59:58.080
How many Nyato's and Nassande's
are out there?

00:59:58.160 --> 01:00:01.640
And they are much more exposed
and much more vulnerable,

01:00:01.720 --> 01:00:04.520
and they don't have
the wonderful protection

01:00:04.600 --> 01:00:06.840
that they have had
for the past four years.

01:00:06.920 --> 01:00:09.640
And this must have been
a very strong friendship

01:00:09.720 --> 01:00:14.040
between their father and the caretaker,
because it's about solidarity.

01:00:14.120 --> 01:00:17.280
In this country,
everything is communal solidarity,

01:00:17.360 --> 01:00:21.440
and if you're not given protection,
you die.

01:00:21.520 --> 01:00:24.880
I just remember that
when people fled from Malakal,

01:00:24.960 --> 01:00:27.160
my father stayed on the other side.

01:00:27.240 --> 01:00:34.080
And our neighbour took care of us
and we crossed the river.

01:00:34.880 --> 01:00:36.960
Now I share the bed,

01:00:37.040 --> 01:00:40.240
the sheets and the blankets
with my adoptive mother,

01:00:40.320 --> 01:00:43.120
and I won't be able to keep anything.

01:00:43.920 --> 01:00:45.720
She's too young.
She's sweet.

01:00:45.800 --> 01:00:50.400
This war has taken many smiles away
from many, many children.

01:00:52.760 --> 01:00:57.960
I do get highly affected when children
are separated from their families,

01:00:58.040 --> 01:01:00.000
especially if they are young children.

01:01:00.080 --> 01:01:03.760
Because I have
personally experienced that.

01:01:03.840 --> 01:01:05.960
And that kind of...

01:01:06.520 --> 01:01:10.600
...pushes me for a stronger motivation

01:01:10.680 --> 01:01:14.080
to push them to be reunited
and do everything in my power

01:01:14.160 --> 01:01:18.360
so that happens fast, and it happens
safely, and it happens smoothly.

01:01:19.160 --> 01:01:24.960
Just two days ago,
our team in Old Fangak,

01:01:25.040 --> 01:01:30.160
they travelled by boat to Dien
and they met your father there.

01:01:30.240 --> 01:01:31.480
And then they...

01:01:31.560 --> 01:01:35.760
He's also very happy
to be coming on Friday next week

01:01:35.840 --> 01:01:37.800
So they're going to come...

01:01:37.880 --> 01:01:40.760
They're going to send a boat
for your parents

01:01:40.840 --> 01:01:42.560
and they're going to be
picked up from Dien

01:01:42.640 --> 01:01:44.400
and they're going to be
coming to Old Fangak.

01:01:44.480 --> 01:01:47.520
So we're going
to meet them there next Friday.

01:01:49.840 --> 01:01:54.280
I don't know,
a little bit more magic into the world,

01:01:54.360 --> 01:02:00.240
and the magic is two young girls
being reunified with their father.

01:02:02.520 --> 01:02:06.240
Women having
better access to healthcare

01:02:06.320 --> 01:02:11.520
or children with...
I don't know, chronic malnutrition,

01:02:11.600 --> 01:02:14.360
having better access to healthcare.

01:02:15.520 --> 01:02:18.000
-A dog.
-A dog.

01:02:19.560 --> 01:02:21.840
-A man.
-A man.

01:02:24.000 --> 01:02:26.440
-A boy.
-A boy.

01:02:28.040 --> 01:02:29.920
-An old man.
-An old man.

01:02:32.720 --> 01:02:34.840
-A girl.
-A girl.

01:02:36.840 --> 01:02:38.880
-A cat.
-A cat.

01:02:44.040 --> 01:02:47.600
I worked in Sudan
between 2009 and 2011,

01:02:47.680 --> 01:02:50.240
when equals one country, at the beginning.

01:02:50.320 --> 01:02:52.400
When I was there

01:02:52.480 --> 01:02:55.600
it was crystal clear to us all

01:02:55.680 --> 01:02:59.080
thar a soon as independence was gained

01:02:59.160 --> 01:03:02.760
and the common enemy of the north
was gone,

01:03:02.840 --> 01:03:05.520
a civil war will continue on and soon,

01:03:05.600 --> 01:03:07.920
so, I'm sorry to say that,

01:03:08.000 --> 01:03:14.240
and it's very sad because I love Sudan,
but it's...

01:03:15.040 --> 01:03:17.360
It's according to script.

01:03:26.720 --> 01:03:30.520
This award also belongs
to the men and women

01:03:30.600 --> 01:03:33.040
who, with enormous patience and fortitude,

01:03:33.520 --> 01:03:37.640
negotiated in Havana all these years.

01:03:38.360 --> 01:03:42.360
And I refer both to the Government's
negotiators who are present here

01:03:42.440 --> 01:03:45.560
as well as those from the FARC,
my adversaries,

01:03:45.640 --> 01:03:50.240
who demonstrated
a strong desire for peace.

01:03:52.600 --> 01:03:56.080
Norway had been engaged
in Colombia for a number of years,

01:03:56.160 --> 01:03:59.040
so we were in a position

01:03:59.720 --> 01:04:07.240
where we could see that with a change
of President that occurred in 2010,

01:04:07.320 --> 01:04:12.880
it was clear
that a peace process might start.

01:04:17.760 --> 01:04:20.000
I was completely retired from public life,

01:04:20.080 --> 01:04:22.840
here in my office, working as a lawyer,

01:04:22.920 --> 01:04:24.840
and Juan Manuel Santos called me.

01:04:24.920 --> 01:04:26.960
I couldn't understand
why he was calling me.

01:04:27.040 --> 01:04:29.480
I always figured it was a legal thing,

01:04:29.560 --> 01:04:32.120
some legal consultation
or something like that.

01:04:32.200 --> 01:04:34.920
And when I sat down,
he began to explain to me that there was

01:04:35.000 --> 01:04:37.800
a secret phase of talks with the FARC

01:04:37.880 --> 01:04:39.760
that was coming to an end.

01:04:39.840 --> 01:04:41.880
I must confess that I thought to myself:

01:04:41.960 --> 01:04:45.040
"The Protocol Office at the President's
Office must have made a mistake.

01:04:45.120 --> 01:04:47.680
This gentleman is talking to me
and I don't know,

01:04:47.760 --> 01:04:51.520
I honestly have no idea why
I'm involved in these issues."

01:04:51.600 --> 01:04:54.800
And he finally told me:
"There is going to be a negotiation

01:04:54.880 --> 01:04:58.200
and I want you to accompany me as
head of the Government's Delegation,"

01:04:58.280 --> 01:05:00.720
which was a genuine surprise for me.

01:05:00.800 --> 01:05:04.400
I agreed because I understood
that it was a major challenge.

01:05:06.040 --> 01:05:08.840
When I arrive at this
administrative request,

01:05:08.920 --> 01:05:12.360
maybe 8 days later,
the first explanation came.

01:05:12.440 --> 01:05:17.160
That's when I found out there was
the possibility of initiating dialogues.

01:05:17.240 --> 01:05:20.040
And from there, we gradually found out

01:05:20.120 --> 01:05:22.720
what this process would be like,
a very difficult one,

01:05:22.800 --> 01:05:25.760
because it took us practically
a year and a half

01:05:25.840 --> 01:05:28.600
to try to reach an agreement
on how to hold the first meeting

01:05:28.680 --> 01:05:31.200
and the security assurances to hold it.

01:05:31.280 --> 01:05:35.240
A peace agreement like the Colombian one,
where neither side

01:05:35.320 --> 01:05:38.000
trusts the other side

01:05:38.080 --> 01:05:41.840
requires people or institutions

01:05:41.920 --> 01:05:46.360
that help to start to establish trust

01:05:46.440 --> 01:05:51.040
and here, for example, the role
of the Red Cross was very important.

01:05:51.120 --> 01:05:54.720
This is a role the ICRC must play,

01:05:54.800 --> 01:06:00.160
because it helps to alleviate suffering

01:06:00.240 --> 01:06:04.200
that is due to the armed conflict
that went on.

01:06:04.280 --> 01:06:09.840
We became involved in the peace
talks in 2011, sometime in 2011,

01:06:09.920 --> 01:06:15.040
when representatives from the Presidency
approached us

01:06:15.120 --> 01:06:22.240
on their intentions of putting
into place some contacts with the FARC

01:06:22.320 --> 01:06:25.560
and start discussing
potential peace talks.

01:06:25.640 --> 01:06:32.360
Jordi Raich played a very important role
because he was the person in charge of

01:06:32.440 --> 01:06:37.040
all the logistics to move the guerrilla
group that was negotiating the agenda

01:06:37.120 --> 01:06:41.360
from their camps to the sites
where the talks were held,

01:06:41.440 --> 01:06:43.640
which were Venezuela and Cuba.

01:06:44.320 --> 01:06:46.360
These are very delicate operations.
Why is that?

01:06:46.440 --> 01:06:48.600
Precisely because, as they are secret,

01:06:48.680 --> 01:06:54.240
there is a risk that other guerrilla
sectors might attack a helicopter

01:06:54.320 --> 01:06:57.520
or that the Army itself,
which hasn't been warned,

01:06:57.600 --> 01:07:01.240
might think that something is going on
and there's even a possibility of deaths.

01:07:01.320 --> 01:07:04.040
We finally managed to establish
a mechanism and protocols

01:07:04.120 --> 01:07:08.680
that were relatively simple,
which was to declare a cease-fire

01:07:08.760 --> 01:07:10.480
that was limited, in a limited area.

01:07:10.560 --> 01:07:12.720
A Red Cross helicopter would arrive

01:07:12.800 --> 01:07:16.760
with delegates
from the guarantor countries on board.

01:07:16.840 --> 01:07:20.240
Cuba was a fantastic
place to hold the peace talks.

01:07:20.320 --> 01:07:22.640
It was close to Colombia,

01:07:22.720 --> 01:07:26.160
so logistically it was easy
to bring people back and forth.

01:07:26.240 --> 01:07:28.200
It is an island, it is not Colombia,

01:07:28.280 --> 01:07:31.360
it's not part of the continent
so it was isolated

01:07:31.440 --> 01:07:34.600
from everyday politics
of the continent and Colombia.

01:07:34.680 --> 01:07:36.280
Both our delegations were there,

01:07:36.360 --> 01:07:39.400
we were in this house
and past the lake, the guerrilla group.

01:07:39.480 --> 01:07:41.680
And so... Where do we begin?

01:07:41.760 --> 01:07:46.880
Both parties were nervous, I think,
before the first meeting.

01:07:46.960 --> 01:07:49.560
They didn't really know what to expect.

01:07:49.640 --> 01:07:55.760
The parties spent quite some time
to define the agenda items

01:07:55.840 --> 01:08:00.920
and to define what the overall
outcome of the peace talks would be.

01:08:01.000 --> 01:08:04.120
And I remember that we started
a sort of brainstorming process

01:08:04.200 --> 01:08:08.240
and we wrote down maybe about
52 words on the board

01:08:08.320 --> 01:08:09.680
that should be present,

01:08:09.760 --> 01:08:12.200
from the standpoint
of technical military language,

01:08:12.280 --> 01:08:13.520
in a cease-fire agreement.

01:08:13.600 --> 01:08:17.320
Each side's worldview
was totally antagonistic.

01:08:17.400 --> 01:08:19.320
It was like we lived on different planets.

01:08:19.400 --> 01:08:24.000
Obviously, diverse visions began to emerge
and confrontations began to erupt.

01:08:24.080 --> 01:08:27.440
"Look,
this is not a university chair,

01:08:27.520 --> 01:08:30.800
nor is it a political rally,
nor are we here to learn

01:08:30.880 --> 01:08:32.720
from each other or convince each other.

01:08:32.800 --> 01:08:36.520
We aren't interested in
making you change your ideology.

01:08:36.600 --> 01:08:38.480
It's all about you stopping the violence."

01:08:38.560 --> 01:08:40.960
We said some very harsh things
to each other.

01:08:41.040 --> 01:08:42.760
But always with the utmost respect.

01:08:42.840 --> 01:08:47.160
You would wake up optimistic, thinking:
"Today we sign,"

01:08:47.240 --> 01:08:49.480
and by 6:00 p.m.
we'd be having a crisis.

01:08:49.560 --> 01:08:51.920
In fact, we practically
broke it off several times.

01:08:52.000 --> 01:08:55.360
Among other things because there were
two very rough moments,

01:08:55.440 --> 01:08:57.720
because while we were
sitting down to talk,

01:08:57.800 --> 01:09:00.360
we had decreed a unilateral ceasefire

01:09:00.440 --> 01:09:02.920
and an Army patrol penetrated,

01:09:03.000 --> 01:09:07.320
let's say, an area of high impact for us,
in the Cauca Valley,

01:09:07.400 --> 01:09:09.040
and 18 soldiers died.

01:09:09.120 --> 01:09:12.920
Let's just say that the next day,
going to the meeting wasn't easy.

01:09:13.000 --> 01:09:15.400
I remember that I took the floor that day

01:09:15.480 --> 01:09:19.400
and expressed my condolences and that
was that, we didn't mention it again.

01:09:19.480 --> 01:09:23.840
And I used what I called
the Rabin doctrine,

01:09:24.400 --> 01:09:27.920
the Israeli Prime Minister,
who said to Arafat:

01:09:28.000 --> 01:09:33.480
"I am negotiating with you as if
there were no terrorism.

01:09:34.160 --> 01:09:39.640
But I will continue to fight terrorism
as if there were no peace negotiations."

01:09:39.720 --> 01:09:42.360
Maybe in 10, 15 days
the opposite occurred.

01:09:42.440 --> 01:09:45.000
They bombed two of our camps.

01:09:45.080 --> 01:09:48.520
And a significant number of fighters
were also killed,

01:09:48.600 --> 01:09:52.480
among them a comrade
who had just left Havana.

01:09:52.560 --> 01:09:54.600
They voiced the same,
they said:

01:09:54.680 --> 01:09:58.640
"Well, this is what may keep happening
to us, these are acts of war."

01:09:58.720 --> 01:09:59.480
And just that.

01:09:59.560 --> 01:10:05.920
And finally, there was a third moment
when we managed to agree

01:10:06.000 --> 01:10:11.200
on the essential things and we began
to feel that this was a shared objective.

01:10:11.280 --> 01:10:15.280
We began to analyse
the rural problems in Colombia

01:10:15.360 --> 01:10:19.480
and the diagnosis coincided,
not entirely, but it was similar.

01:10:19.560 --> 01:10:22.040
We began to see that the agreement,
ultimately,

01:10:22.120 --> 01:10:25.520
had to be the result of joint work,

01:10:25.600 --> 01:10:29.680
and, in a way, we began to work on
the basis of giving in to things that,

01:10:29.760 --> 01:10:34.480
at the start, seemed to be
inalienable principles for us.

01:10:34.960 --> 01:10:37.720
Over time you see
that they really aren't, right?

01:10:37.800 --> 01:10:43.040
That peace processes,
like so many other things in life,

01:10:43.120 --> 01:10:47.960
work only when you have
determined and willing people behind.

01:10:48.040 --> 01:10:52.200
And that's why
things worked out for a while

01:10:52.280 --> 01:10:54.840
with this peace process in Colombia.

01:10:54.920 --> 01:10:57.200
Not because of the ICRC,

01:10:57.280 --> 01:11:01.440
but because the two parties
were really willing to do it.

01:11:18.320 --> 01:11:24.120
Having seen the commander of the FARC,
alias Timochenko...

01:11:24.960 --> 01:11:27.880
...alone, unarmed,

01:11:27.960 --> 01:11:32.160
casting his vote in the last elections

01:11:32.240 --> 01:11:35.680
and then seeing him defending peace

01:11:35.760 --> 01:11:37.960
in the Congress of the Republic...

01:11:38.040 --> 01:11:43.720
Well, that's what a peace process
is all about, trading boots for votes,

01:11:43.800 --> 01:11:46.720
bullets for discussion...

01:11:47.760 --> 01:11:49.760
...about national issues,

01:11:49.840 --> 01:11:53.360
and they can continue
to defend their ideals.

01:11:53.920 --> 01:11:55.640
But without violence.

01:11:57.200 --> 01:11:59.680
70-80 years of use of violence...

01:11:59.760 --> 01:12:03.560
You do not come over in two years.
It needs much more time.

01:12:03.640 --> 01:12:08.160
History has shown this in other contexts,
and there are going to be ups and downs.

01:12:08.240 --> 01:12:09.880
There are going to be advances,

01:12:09.960 --> 01:12:16.360
there are going to be the contrary,
and it's going to be extremely difficult.

01:12:16.440 --> 01:12:19.880
And it will hurt many people,
because people have to say

01:12:19.960 --> 01:12:23.360
what they did
and maybe their children

01:12:23.440 --> 01:12:29.120
will be horrified with what they hear,
but this is the price that any society

01:12:29.200 --> 01:12:33.160
has to pay for a reality
that they have lived through.

01:12:34.680 --> 01:12:39.160
Who could have imagined that after
having lived through and suffered

01:12:39.240 --> 01:12:46.920
a conflict for almost 6 decades
with a toll of 300,000 dead,

01:12:47.480 --> 01:12:49.880
families torn apart...?

01:12:49.960 --> 01:12:54.200
I feel that we are now coming out
on the other side of the tunnel.

01:12:57.840 --> 01:13:02.280
I had been the object of some
very concrete threats,

01:13:02.360 --> 01:13:05.320
very serious, very documented ones,

01:13:05.400 --> 01:13:09.120
made by the FARC
on three or four occasions.

01:13:09.880 --> 01:13:14.280
In one of them I had to leave
from one day to the next.

01:13:14.360 --> 01:13:18.360
"They're going to kill you, they'll plant
a car bomb, either arriving or leaving.

01:13:18.440 --> 01:13:20.160
You are doomed."

01:13:20.240 --> 01:13:23.000
That, when explained here is...

01:13:23.080 --> 01:13:28.120
It sounds like a story,
but you if live it, it's tough.

01:13:29.800 --> 01:13:34.320
Your attention, a very serious explosion
just went off here in the studio

01:13:34.400 --> 01:13:37.880
of Colombia's Caracol Network,
in the Masters Central,

01:13:37.960 --> 01:13:40.280
at this very moment...

01:13:40.920 --> 01:13:42.600
Something really...

01:13:44.760 --> 01:13:47.880
Two years go by, I return to Colombia,

01:13:47.960 --> 01:13:54.200
a process of dialogue, of agreement,
of conversations begins.

01:13:55.080 --> 01:13:58.560
I receive a call on behalf of
Carlos Antonio Lozada,

01:13:59.280 --> 01:14:01.640
a leader of the FARC guerrillas,

01:14:01.720 --> 01:14:06.240
but one of the front commanders,
and he asks to come to Caracol.

01:14:06.320 --> 01:14:10.040
He asks to come to the studio
for me to interview him.

01:14:10.480 --> 01:14:12.440
I call Humberto de la Calle
and he replies:

01:14:12.520 --> 01:14:17.320
"Well look, that man was the one
who ordered the last attack on you,

01:14:17.920 --> 01:14:22.480
and I think that as a gesture
of reconciliation on your behalf,

01:14:22.560 --> 01:14:26.600
who perhaps has been one of the persons
most targeted by the guerrillas

01:14:26.680 --> 01:14:28.680
in recent years...

01:14:29.680 --> 01:14:33.040
...it is a wonderful public step."

01:14:33.120 --> 01:14:35.960
And I welcomed him myself in the elevator.

01:14:36.040 --> 01:14:39.240
And he says to me:
"Very simple, your office, very pleasant."

01:14:39.320 --> 01:14:43.320
And I said, "Of course, this was the one
you ordered to be destroyed."

01:14:44.320 --> 01:14:45.360
Destroyed.

01:14:45.440 --> 01:14:48.440
And I asked him, "Why are you here?"

01:14:48.520 --> 01:14:52.720
He said, "I wanted to apologize to you,
I wanted to say I'm sorry.

01:14:52.800 --> 01:14:56.360
To you.
To you and to Caracol."

01:14:57.800 --> 01:14:59.640
"So, you regret what you did,

01:14:59.720 --> 01:15:04.400
what you did to me,
to my family for a number of years?"

01:15:05.120 --> 01:15:10.200
And he replied:
"Yes, that never should have happened."

01:15:16.200 --> 01:15:17.760
As for me...

01:15:18.680 --> 01:15:20.000
Obviously...

01:15:20.520 --> 01:15:22.080
I was moved.

01:15:22.800 --> 01:15:26.720
He also shed a tear,
a couple of tears.

01:15:27.480 --> 01:15:32.880
And he said to me, "You're a man
who has been far too civilized,

01:15:33.640 --> 01:15:38.000
too rational.
You were supposed to hate us.

01:15:38.760 --> 01:15:41.560
I figured you would never see me.

01:15:42.080 --> 01:15:44.920
And here I am with you to face you.

01:15:45.520 --> 01:15:50.960
To tell Colombians
that this is the face of war.

01:15:51.840 --> 01:15:54.240
And that we have managed
to reach this agreement

01:15:54.320 --> 01:15:57.080
so there will never be war
again in Colombia,

01:15:57.160 --> 01:15:59.720
so that we don't kill each other."

01:16:11.160 --> 01:16:12.920
When I was in Somalia

01:16:13.000 --> 01:16:18.440
and I got the invitation
from President Santos himself

01:16:18.520 --> 01:16:22.320
to attend the signing of the peace
agreement in Cartagena de Indias,

01:16:22.400 --> 01:16:24.480
I still have it,

01:16:25.040 --> 01:16:29.400
I could not, obviously,
because it was the role of my colleague

01:16:29.480 --> 01:16:31.840
that replaced me to do that.

01:16:31.920 --> 01:16:37.040
But I would have loved to be there.
But I still have it, I have it framed.

01:16:37.560 --> 01:16:41.800
Finally, something was working
and then it worked out well.

01:16:51.920 --> 01:16:54.960
For more than 30 years
I always lived in violent,

01:16:55.040 --> 01:16:57.240
extremely violent countries.

01:16:57.800 --> 01:17:00.120
In the midst of wars,
in the midst of guerrillas,

01:17:00.200 --> 01:17:03.600
in the midst of armed groups
that extort money from the population,

01:17:03.680 --> 01:17:06.640
in the midst of attacks and bombings...

01:17:07.800 --> 01:17:11.600
I always say that all that violence
moulds your way of thinking,

01:17:11.680 --> 01:17:14.000
your way of conceiving things.

01:17:52.080 --> 01:17:54.680
I always knew I would have cancer.

01:17:54.760 --> 01:17:58.600
I don't know if it's going to be only
this one or there will be more later on,

01:17:58.680 --> 01:18:01.080
but I knew it because of a...

01:18:02.080 --> 01:18:07.200
...childhood trauma
were my mother died of cancer,

01:18:07.280 --> 01:18:12.240
of a long and painful cancer
when I was very young.

01:18:14.720 --> 01:18:18.600
Disease,
like cancer or any other of that calibre,

01:18:18.680 --> 01:18:22.440
you need to accept the situation yourself.

01:18:22.520 --> 01:18:27.080
You need to negotiate with yourself,
how you're going to deal with it.

01:18:35.400 --> 01:18:41.080
I had over 20 death threats
and most of them were in writing.

01:18:41.160 --> 01:18:45.920
And once even somebody wanted to buy
a weapon in a shop and they asked him,

01:18:46.000 --> 01:18:50.720
"Why do you need a weapon?", he said,
"I like to kill Valentin Inzko".

01:18:53.280 --> 01:18:56.920
There's also a lot of writing
in the social media,

01:18:57.000 --> 01:19:01.920
and I got also once
5.000 postcards; "Inzko go home".

01:19:03.400 --> 01:19:07.960
On about 18 or 19 postcards
there were death threats

01:19:08.040 --> 01:19:11.320
and also a death threat against my son.

01:19:11.400 --> 01:19:16.800
There are a few days
and weeks when you are scared.

01:19:21.320 --> 01:19:25.800
I'm a believer and I think
I have some guardian angels.

01:19:25.880 --> 01:19:30.080
Maybe I have an army
of guardian angels who protect me.

01:19:30.920 --> 01:19:35.040
It is a tough job. It is a dangerous job.
Very often it is true.

01:19:35.120 --> 01:19:39.560
I have many colleagues
that have been kidnapped, killed...

01:19:40.800 --> 01:19:46.720
When I heard that Lorena had been shot

01:19:46.800 --> 01:19:49.440
I was shocked.

01:19:49.520 --> 01:19:52.320
I think everybody was shocked and...

01:19:54.800 --> 01:19:57.600
...her death broke...

01:19:58.680 --> 01:20:01.720
...a lot of my friends
who knew her personally.

01:20:02.320 --> 01:20:05.400
Some of them left the ICRC because of it.

01:20:06.680 --> 01:20:10.200
She was a physiotherapist

01:20:10.280 --> 01:20:16.040
who worked in one of our prosthetics
rehabilitation centres in Afghanistan

01:20:16.120 --> 01:20:21.160
and she was shot in the chest by one
of our patients and she died instantly.

01:20:36.640 --> 01:20:38.120
It's been a hell of a year.

01:20:38.200 --> 01:20:43.320
I mean, I had five surgeries,
like six months of chemotherapy...

01:20:44.920 --> 01:20:48.520
Anyone that has
these or any other difficult disease

01:20:48.600 --> 01:20:52.040
finds his or her
own way of dealing with it,

01:20:52.120 --> 01:20:56.360
and mine was to not to stop working
and to try to maintain,

01:20:56.440 --> 01:20:59.240
as much as possible,
a normal life,

01:20:59.320 --> 01:21:03.960
or not to let cancer
affect the way I live.

01:21:05.080 --> 01:21:07.720
I continued travelling

01:21:07.800 --> 01:21:12.080
from Monday to Thursday because
on Friday I had the chemotherapy.

01:21:12.160 --> 01:21:15.720
But still I kept taking planes
and moving around,

01:21:15.800 --> 01:21:19.840
so it's been
also the way I've dealt with it.

01:21:23.360 --> 01:21:28.960
I have learned about
the goodness of people, which exists.

01:21:29.840 --> 01:21:31.920
Good people are everywhere.

01:21:33.280 --> 01:21:35.160
And there are not bad nations.

01:21:35.240 --> 01:21:39.800
There are bad people,
okay, but there are no bad nations.

01:21:43.560 --> 01:21:46.240
The first two weeks that I arrived here,

01:21:46.320 --> 01:21:52.240
I pretty much acted as the bulldog,
protecting this hospital.

01:21:54.600 --> 01:21:58.280
I was meeting with the community
members quite often.

01:21:58.880 --> 01:22:02.520
They told me that in the community
they called me Nyagua,

01:22:02.600 --> 01:22:05.400
and I asked what does it mean

01:22:05.480 --> 01:22:09.600
and there are various,
I guess, definitions for it.

01:22:09.680 --> 01:22:15.560
It means the good one,
the honourable one, or the beautiful one.

01:22:15.640 --> 01:22:19.600
You can pick and choose.
I thought that was quite nice.

01:22:21.000 --> 01:22:23.840
I always took it
as a very positive token,

01:22:23.920 --> 01:22:30.680
that my presence was an indication
that maybe good was coming

01:22:30.760 --> 01:22:34.480
to this community
and they could take a deep breath.

01:22:37.080 --> 01:22:39.280
You don't come to Akobo

01:22:40.280 --> 01:22:42.880
if you just wanted to work

01:22:42.960 --> 01:22:45.520
as a nurse or a paediatric doctor,

01:22:45.600 --> 01:22:47.320
you come
because you want to make a difference.

01:22:47.400 --> 01:22:53.520
It's difficult here. It's hot.
The conditions are minimal.

01:22:53.600 --> 01:22:57.600
You come because
you want to make a difference.

01:22:57.680 --> 01:23:01.840
I'd like to hope that that's
why people come to Akobo.

01:23:42.160 --> 01:23:49.160
They have just arrived
and then the main water borehole

01:23:49.240 --> 01:23:52.320
in the town of Wang is broken,

01:23:52.400 --> 01:23:55.440
so he can in fact
take the mechanic with him

01:23:55.520 --> 01:23:57.880
if the spare parts are there.